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LILIES   AND   ORCHIDS 


LILIES  AND 
ORCHIDS 


A  SERIES  OF  DRAWINGS  IN  COLOR  OF 
SOME  OF  THE  MORE  INTERESTING  AND 
BEAUTIFUL  SPECIES  OF  THESE  FAMILIES 
TOGETHER    WITH    DESCRIPTIVE    TEXT 


BY 


ROSINA   C.  BOARDMAN 


NEW   YORK 

ROBERT  GRIER  COOKE 

INCORPORATtD 

MDCDVI 


Copyright,    /i)of>,    ty 
ROBERT    GRIER    COOKE,    Inc 


RcilH-rt  Giier  Cooke,  lucorporate,!.  New   York 


FORI-.WORI) 

In  this  little  book  1  have  endeavored  to  set 
ff)rlh  an  informal  sketch  of  three  flower  fami- 
lies growing  in  the  United  States,  cast  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  in  Canada,  together 
with  a  few  stray  relatives  from  the  Pacific 
slope,  illustrated  by  faithful  color  studies  of 
the  more  prominent  e.\am|)les. 

R.  C.  H. 
New  York, 
1906 


LILES   AND   ORCHIDS 


PLATE  I 

WOOD    ].II,V 

Liliiim  Philaddphkiim 


LILIES 

THE  Family  of  Lilies  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
and  one  of  the  handsomest  flower  groups  which 
we  possess.  At  first  it  was  very  large,  for  many 
closely  connected  species  were  included;  but  it  swelled  to 
such  dimensions  that  the  botanists  were  forced  to  sub- 
divide it  more  and  more,  until  now  it  is  comparatively 
small.  The  latest  division  (which  every  one  has  not  yet 
adopted)  is  the  grouping  of  the  Bellworts,  Hellebore, 
Blazing-Star  and  a  few  others  in  the  Bunch-Flower 
Family;  the  Green-Briers  and  their  climbing  relatives 
in  the  Smilax  Family;  and  the  Asparagus,  Solomon's 
Seal  and  those  similar  in  the  Lily-of-the- Valley  Family. 
At  present  it  is  only  with  the  latter  and  with  the  Lily 
Family  Proper  that  we  will  concern  ourselves. 

THE    LILY    FAMILY 

The  Lily  Family  Proper  is  made  up  of  leafy-stemmed 
herbs,  growing  from.,  bulbs  or  corms.  The  leaves  are 
always  parallel-veined  and  simple.  The  flowers  are 
regular  and  generally  perfect,  having  a  perianth  of  six 
even  segments,  sometimes  connected;  six  stamens,  with 
two-celled  anthers,  growing  from  the  bases  of  the  seg- 
ments; and  a  three-celled  pistil,  with  a  generally  three- 
lobed  stigma,  at  the  end  of  a  long  style.  The  fruit  is  an 
oblong  capsule.    The  seed  differs  according  to  the  variety. 

PLATE    I 

Wood  Lily,  Red  Lily,  Lilium  Philadelphicum. 
Root. — A  bulb  of  fleshy  scales.  Stem. — Simple,  i°-3° 
high.  Leaves. — Narrow,  pointed,  in  whorls.  Flowers. 
— Large,  showy,  erect,  1-5,  terminal,  scarlet  and 
orange.  Perianth. — Of  broad  segments,  narrowing  be- 
low, purple-dotted  within.  Stamens  (a). — Dark  red. 
Pistil  (/)). — With  a  head-like  stigma.  Seeds. — Long, 
with  narrow  wings. 

This  is  one  of  our  most  showy  and  beautiful  flowers. 
It  grows  in  dry  woods  and  salt  marshes,  from  Canada  to 
North  Carolina,  from  June  to  August.  I  have  found 
very  small  specimens,  not  over  5'  high,  on  Nantucket 
Island. 


a.'-g-'03 


PLATE  I.     Reduced  about  H  from  Life  Slie 
Wood  Lily,  Lilium  Pkiladeipkicum 


PLATE   II 

WILD  VKLI.OW    I.II.V 

Lilium  Canadcnsc 


Western  Red  Lily,  L.  iimbellatum,  is  much  like 
the  Wood  Lily,  but  smaller  and  more  slender,  with 
linear  leaves.  It  blooms  in  dry  soil  during  June  and 
July,  from  Ohio  to  Northwest  Territory  and  south  to 
Arkansas. 

Southern  Red  Lily,  L.  Catesbaei,  is  much  the  same, 
with  slender,  small,  alternate  leaves  and  recurved,  pointed 
segments.  It  grows  in  wet  ground  in  summer,  from 
North  Carolina  to  Florida. 


Wild  Yellow  Lily,  Field  Lily,  Canada  Lily, 
Liliuni  Canadensc.  Root. — Bulbous.  Stem. — Simple, 
2°-5°  high,  stout.  Leaves. — Lanceolate,  in  whorls. 
Flowers. — Terminal,  1-16,  drooping  on  long  recurved 
stalks,  bright  yellow  and  orange,  purple-dotted.  Peri- 
anth.— With  recurved  segments  (not  narrowing  below). 
Stamens  (a). — Red-brown.  Pistil  (h). — With  a  three- 
lobed,  head-shaped  stigma.  Seeds. —  Flat,  horizontal, 
numerous. 

These  gorgeous  flowers  bloom  in  early  summer,  in 
fields  and  swamps,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Alabama  and  west 
to  the  Mississippi.  They  might  indeed  be  "the  lilies  of 
the  field  "  of  the  New  Testament,  for  the  glor\'  of  Solomon 
would  pale  beside  them.  To  see  a  field  of  them  waving 
their  golden  bells  above  the  tall  grasses  is  a  sight  to  be 
remembered.  There  are  many  such  fields  in  the  Berk- 
shire Hills. 

Lest  we  come  to  think  that  the  brilliant  liiia  are  the 
only  important  members  of  this  family,  we  will  stop  here 
to  mention  four  small  genera. 

Leucocrinum,  Leucocrinum  monlanum,  is  a  low 
Western  herb,  with  long,  grass-like  inner  leaves  and 
scale-like  outer  ones,  all  from  the  root.  The  flowers 
are  white,  tube-shaped  below,  divided  and  salver- 
shaped  above.  The  anthers  are  coiled.  It  blooms  in 
late  spring. 

An-drostephium,  Androstephium  cocndeum,  is  some- 
what the  same,  with  blue  flowers  in  an  umbel,  on  a  long 
scape.  The  anthers  are  straight.  It  grows  on  prairies, 
from  Kansas  southward,  in  early  spring. 


^ 


lA 


♦ 


w 


? 


y 


PLATB  n.     Reduced  H  from  Life  Sue 
Canada  Lily.  Lilium  Caiiadrnse 


PLATE   III 

tirk's  cap  l.ll.V 
Liliiim  stiprrbum 


Wild  Hyacinth,  Quamasia  hyacinthina,  is  an  herb, 
with  grass-like  root-leaves  and  a  tall  scape  of  blue  or 
white,  racemed  flowers,  with  narrow,  separate  segments. 
It  grows  along  streams,  from  Pennsylvania  to  Alabama 
and  west  to  Minnesota,  in  spring. 

Star-of-Bethlehem,  Ornithogalum  iimhcllaliim,  is 
somewhat  the  same,  with  flowers,  white  within  and  green 
without,  clustered  in  a  corymb.  The  leaves  have  a  light 
midrib. 

Drooping  Star-of-Bethlehem,  O.  nutans,  has  nod- 
ding, white,  racemed  flowers. 

These  both  bloom  in  late  spring  and  are  Europeans 
escaped  from  gardens. 


Turk's-Cap  Lily,  LUium  superhum.  Root. — A  globe- 
like bulb.  Stem. — Simple,  stout,  3°-8°  high.  Leaves. — 
Lanceolate,  in  whorls  or  alternate.  Flowers. — Ter- 
minal, 3-40,  nodding  on  long  flower-stalks,  large,  showy, 
orange-red,  purple-dotted.  Perianth. — Of  lanceolate 
segments,  strongly  recurved.  Stamens  {a). — Burnt- 
orange-red.  Pistil  {h). — With  a  head-like  stigma. 
Seeds. — Flat,  numerous,  horizontal. 

This  giant  among  flowering  herbs  gives  to  a  midsummer 
meadow  or  marsh  a  truly  regal  splendor.  It  is  much  more 
beautiful  than  the  Tiger-Lily,  which  it  resembles,  for  it  is 
much  more  elegant  in  line  and  color.  Authorities  disagree 
about  the  color.  I  have  always  found  it  red.  It  ranges 
from  Maine  to  North  Carolina  and  west  to  Minnesota. 

TiGER-LiLY,  L.  tigrinum,  is  like  the  Turk's-Cap,  but 
yellower  and  coarser.  Its  stem  is  stout  and  almost  black, 
with  bulblets  growing  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  It  is  a 
native  of  China  and  Japan,  escaping  from  gardens  in 
this  country  and  blooming  in  summer. 

Carolina  Lily,  L.  Carolinianum,  is  also  like  the 
Turk's-Cap,  with  orange-red,  nodding  flowers  and  re- 
curved, pointed  segments.  It  is  smaller  and  more  slen- 
der, and  blooms  south  of  Virginia  in  August. 

Although  I  am  not  speaking  of  many  far  Western 
flowers,  I  cannot  refrain  from  picturing  two  charming 
Californians,  the  Yosemite  Tiger-Lily  and  the  Washing- 
ton Lily.  , 


PLATE  III      Reduced  aboat  H  from  Life  Slic 
Turk's  Cap  Lily.  /J/,um  suptrbum 


PLATE   IV 

YOSEMITE    TIGKR-LILY 

Lilium  parvinn 


YosEMiTE  Tiger-Lily,  Lilium  parvum  (Kellogg). 
Root. — Bulbous  and  fibrous.  Stem. — Simple,  3°-8° 
high.  Leaves. — Ovate,  pale  green,  thinner  than  other 
lilies,  in  whorls  or  alternate  above.  Flowers. — Small, 
f'-i'  long,  several-flowered,  on  long,  undulating  flower- 
stalks,  scarlet  and  orange,  purple-dotted.  Perianth. — 
Of  oval  segments,  slightly  recurved.  Stamens  ((7). — 
Dark  red.  Pistil  (b).  —  With  a  hcad-hke  stigma. 
Seeds.— Flat. 

The  small,  gem-like  flowers  of  this  beautiful  little  lily, 
waving  on  their  long  stalks,  are  particularly  attractive. 
I  found  them  in  early  August  on  the  upper  trails  of  the 
Yosemite  Valley,  growing  amid  tall  grasses  and  small 
shrubs. 

Asa  Gray's  Lily,  L.  Grayi,  seems  to  be  rather  like  the 
last,  with  larger  flowers  and  stiff'cr  leaves.  It  blooms  in 
July  and  August,  on  the  peaks  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina. 

Two  genera,  not  immediately  recognisable  as  lilies, 
follow : 

Grape-Hyacinth,  Muscari  botryoides,  is  an  herb 
with  long,  grass-like  leaves  from  the  root,  and  a  short, 
thick  raceme  of  very  small,  blue,  slightly  fragrant  flowers. 
The  flowers  have  a  globular,  one-pieced  perianth,  with 
six  small  teeth.  The  clusters  much  resemble  a  bunch 
of  grapes,  hence  the  name. 

Starch  Grape-Hyacinth,  M .  racemosum,  is  similar, 
with  narrower  leaves  and  oblong,  starch-scented  flowers. 

Both  these  plants  are  Europeans  escaped  from  gardens, 
and  bloom  in  spring. 

Star-Grass,  Colic-Root,  AUiris  jarinosa,  has  a 
rosette  of  pale,  lanceolate  leaves  at  the  root  and  a  tall 
scape  topped  by  a  long  raceme  of  small,  floury-looking, 
bell-shaped  flowers,  erect,  roughish,  and  white,  with  a  six- 
toothed,  one-pieced  perianth.  This  plant  grows  east  of 
the  Mississippi  in  early  summer.  A  yellow  form  of  it 
sometimes  appears  South. 

Yellow  Colic-Root,  .4.  aurea,  is  similar.  It  has 
shorter  leaves  and  shorter  yellow  flowers.  It  blooms 
south  from  New  York  in  early  summer. 


^->  -s-  "^jy. 


PLATE  IV.     Kedacnl  about  y^  from  Lire  Stif 
Yosemite  Tiger  Lily.  Lilium  parvum 


PLATE  V 

WASIII.NdTON    I.II.V 

Li/ill  III   Washiiij^loiiiaiia 


Washington  Lily,  Lilium  Washingtoniana.  Root. 
— As  other  lilies.  Stem. — Simple,  4°-8°  high.  Leaves. 
— Small,  in  whorls  or  alternate  above.  Flowers. — Large, 
in  a  terminal  cluster,  white,  finely  dotted  with  purple  and 
pink.  Perianth. — Of  narrowly  oblong,  blunt  segments, 
somewhat  recurved.  Stamens  {a).  Pistil  (/)). — With  a 
head-like  stigma. 

These  charming  white  flowers  on  their  tall,  stiff  stems 
are  as  much  more  delicate  than  the  Bermuda  lilies  as  the 
Turk's-Caps  are  than  the  Tiger-Lilies.  I  found  them 
growing  in  the  primeval  forests  of  the  Mariposa,  in  Cali- 
fornia, in  July. 

Day-Lily,  Hermerocallis  jiilva,  together  with  the 
Yellow  Day-Lily,  H.  flava,  are  summer  foreigners  es- 
caped from  our  gardens.  They  have  large,  grass-like, 
channelled  root-leaves  and  tawny-orange  or  yellow 
flowers,  growing  several  on  a  scape. 

The  Garlics  or  Onions  also  belong  to  the  Lily 
Family.  They  all  have  round  or  oval,  odorous  bulbs, 
root-leaves,  and  small,  separate-segmented  flowers  grow- 
ing at  the  summit  of  a  scape  in  a  many-flowered  umbel. 
Beneath  are  2-3  membranous  bracts.  They  are  not  at- 
tractive plants. 

Wild  Leek,  Allium  Iricoccuiii,  has  elliptic,  early  fading 
leaves  and  white  flowers.  It  blooms  in  early  summer,  east 
of  the  Mississippi  and  north  of  North  Carolina. 

Chives,  A.  Schoenoprasum,  is  a  Northern  variety,  with 
hollow,  linear  leaves  and  pink  flowers. 

Nodding  Wild  Onion,  A .  ccrnuum,  has  nodding,  white, 
rose  or  purple  flowers  and  flat,  channelled,  linear  leaves. 
It  ranges  over  most  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Prairie  Wild  Onion,  A .  stellatum,  is  much  the  same, 
with  rose-colored,  erect  flowers.  It  blooms  in  summer,  on 
the  Western  plains. 

Wild  Garlic,  Field  Garlic,  Crow  Garlic,  A. 
vineale,  is  a  troublesome  weed  from  Europe,  naturalized 
in  the  Middle  States.  It  has  hollow  leaves  and  purple 
and  green  flowers,  sometimes  replaced  by  bulblets,  tipped 
with  a  long  hair-hke  appendage. 

S 


/^ 


PLATB  V.     Redacod  abont  !,  from  Life  Site 
WashiDgton  Lily,  Lilium  Washinj^loniana 


PLATE  VI 

YKLLOW     .\I)I)I;r"s    TOXC.rE 

Erythronium  A  mcricanum 


Meadow  Gaelic,  A.  Canadense,  is  similar,  with  white 
or  pink  flowers  and  a  fibrous  bulb,  as  have  those  follow- 
ing.    This  blooms  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

Wild  Onion,  .4.  mutabi/e,  has  flat,  hnear  leaves  and 
white  or  pink  flowers  without  bulblets.  It  grows  South 
and  West  in  early  summer. 

Nuttall's  Wild  Onion,  A .  NuttaUii,  has  very  narrow, 
short  leaves  and  white  or  rose  flowers.  It  grows  in  spring, 
on  the  Western  prairies. 

Fraser's  Wild  Onion,  A.  re/iculatum,  is  similar.  It 
blooms  in  summer,  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Yellow  False  Garlic,  Nothoscordum  bivalve,  is  much 
like  the  Alliums,  but  lacks  their  scent,  and  has  yellow 
flowers.  It  blooms  South  and  West  in  early  spring  and 
summer. 

PLATE    VI 

Yellow  Adder's-Tongue,  Dog's-Tooth  Violet, 
Erythronium  Americannm.  Root. — A  corm.  Stem. — 
Simple,  6'-i°  high.  Leaves. — Oblanceolate,  smooth, 
generally  mottled  with  brown,  2,  opposite,  or  i  on  the 
flowerless  plants.  Flowers. — Large,  solitary,  terminal, 
pale  yellow,  rarely  purplish  or  white,  dotted.  Perianth. 
— Of  linear,  slightly  recurved  segments.  Stamens  {a). 
Pistil  {b). — With  a  three-lobed  stigma. 

This  dainty  little  lily,  with  its  drooping  flower  and 
mottled  leaves,  carpets  acres  of  moist  woodland,  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  west  to  Arkansas,  from  March 
to  May.  The  name  Dog's-Tooth  Violet  is  particularly 
inappropriate. 

White  Adder's-Tongue,  E.  albidum,  is  similar,  with 
white,  bluish  or  purplish  flowers.  It  flourishes  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  but  is  not  common  East. 

Midland  Adder's-Tongue,  E.  mesachoreum,  grows 
with  the  last.  It  has  narrower  leaves,  not  mottled,  and 
lavender  flowers. 

Minnesota  Adder's-Tongue,  E.  propullans,  blooms 
in  May.  It  has  smaller  pink  blossoms  and  slightly  mot- 
tled leaves. 

Purple  Fritillaria,  Fritillaria  alropitrpurea,  is  a 
lily  with  alternate,  linear  leaves  and  bell-shaped,  nodding, 
6 


PLATE  VI.    Life  Sii« 

Yellow  Adder's  Tongue.  Erythronium  Americanum 


PLATE   VII 

A 
NUTTAI.I.'S  MARIPOSA    I.II.Y 

Calocho  his  Niillallii 

B 
GrNNISOX's    MARIPOSA    LILY 

Calochorlus  Guiuiisoni 


purple  or  purplish-green  flowers  with  separate  segments. 
It  blooms  in  early  summer,  from  North  Dakota  and 
Wyoming  westward. 


PLATE    VII,    A 

Nuttall's  Mariposa  Lily,  Calochortus  NuitallU. 
Root. — A  corm.  Stem. — Branched,  slender,  3'-i5'  high. 
Leaves.  —  Grass-like,  alternate.  Flowers.  —  Large, 
showy,  white.  Perianth. — The  three  outer  segments  (or 
sepals)  are  lanceolate,  greenish-white;  the  three  inner 
(or  petals)  are  rather  wedge-shaped  and  recurved,  white 
or  lavender,  with  a  yellowish  base,  above  which  is  a 
purple  spot.  Stamens  (<). — Arrow-shaped.  Pistil  id). 
— With  a  thrce-lobed  stigma. 

So  graceful  and  ethereal  is  this  fair  flower,  swaying 
on  its  slender  stalk  among  the  tall  grasses,  that  it  seems 
almost  unearthly.  It  blooms  from  South  Dakota  west 
to  California,  from  June  to  August. 


plate    VII,    B 

Gunnison's  Mariposa  Lily,  C.  Gunnisoni.  Root. — 
A  corm.  Stem. — Often  simple,  as  above.  Leaves. — As 
above,  with  incurved  edges.  Flowers. — Large,  showy, 
white.  Perianth. — The  sepals  as  above,  the  ]jetals  white 
or  lavender,  with  a  purple  band  across  the  centre  within, 
yellowish  and  hairy  below.  Stamens  (a). — With  oval 
anthers.     Pistil  {h). — With  a  three-lobed  stigma. 

This  plant  is  much  like  its  Mariposa  sister.  It  grows 
as  far  south  as  New  Mexico  and  blooms  in  midsummer, 
as  does  the  other.  I  found  it  in  a  meadow  in  the  Canyon 
of  the  Grand,  near  Glenwood  Springs,  Colorado. 

Another  Western  genus  is  the  Yucca,  which  has  hollow, 
spike-like  leaves,  with  fibrous  threads  hanging  from  their 
margins.  The  flowers  are  large,  creamy-white,  have 
separate  segments,  and  droop  from  a  tall,  dense,  terminal 
cluster.     They  bloom  in  spring  and  early  summer. 

Spanish  Bayonet,  Yucca  baccata,  is  the  largest.  It 
is  sometimes  8°  high.  Its  flowers  are  very  large  and  its 
fruit  edible. 


I 


/ 


-  t 


U~7''o1. 


PLATE  Vll.     Reduced  about  S  from  Life  Sue 

A.  Xuttall's  Mariposa  Lily,  Calochortiis  iSuttallii 

B.  Gunnison's  Mariposa  Lily.  Calochurtus  Gunnisoni 


PLATE  VIII 

YKLLOW    C'LINTONIA 

C/iiiloiiia  borcalis 


Bear-Grass,  Y.  glauca,  is  smaller  and  much  shorter. 

These  plants  both  grow  on  the  dry  Western  prairies. 

Adam's  Needle,  Y.  filamenlosa,  has  lanceolate,  flat 
leaves.  It  is  cultivated,  and  has  escaped  in  places.  It 
grows  wild  in  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Tennessee. 


LILIES-OF-THE- VALLEY 

THE  Lily-of-the- Valley  Family  grows  from  root- 
stocks,  never  from  bulbs  or  corms.  The  leaves  are 
simple,  parallel-veined  and  broad,  except  in  the 
Asparagus  and  its  allies,  where  they  are  reduced  to  short, 
thread-like  scales  with  tiny  branchlets  in  the  axils.  The 
flowers  grow  in  racemes,  umbels,  panicles  or  are  soHtary ; 
they  are  regular  and  perfect.  The  perianth  is  either 
divided  into  four  to  six  segments,  or  is  in  one  piece,  with 
six  lobes  or  teeth.  The  stamens  grow  from  the  perianth. 
The  pistil  has  a  two  to  three-celled  ovary,  and  a  style 
with  a  generally  three-lobed  stigma.  Tlae  fruit  is  a 
fleshy  berry  with  few  or  numerous  seeds. 

Several  members  of  this  group  so  much  resemble  the 
Lily  Family  Proper,  that  at  first  sight  it  is  difficult  to 
distinguish  them. 

plate    VIII 

Yellow  Clintonia,  Clmtonia  borealis.  Root. — A 
slender  rootstock.  Stem. — A  simple  scape,  6'-i5'  high. 
Leaves. — Large,  2-5,  oval,  smooth.  Flowers. — Lily- 
like, 3-6  in  an  umbel,  drooping,  greenisli  yellow.  Peri- 
anth.— Of  six  recurved  segments.  Stamens  [a). — Six. 
Pistil  {b). — With  a  two-celled  ovary.  Fruit. — A  bright- 
blue  berry. 

The  pale-yellow  bells  and  bright  leaves  of  the  Clintonia 
decorate  many  moist  woodlands,  from  Newfoundland 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  west  to  Minnesota,  during 
May  and  June.  Sometimes  a  flower  is  borne  on  the  scape, 
below  the  umbel. 

White    Clintonia,   C.    umbcllulala,    is    rather  tafler 


V 


PLATE  VIII.     Reduced  abont  H  (roo  Life  Size 
Yellow  CliotoDia,  Clintonia  borealis 


and  woolly,  with  smaller,  white,  purple-dotted,  erect, 
odorous  flowers,  a  small  leaf  on  the  scape,  and  black, 
round  berries.  It  ranges  from  New  York  to  Georgia  in 
May  and  June. 

Asparagus,  Asparagus  officinalis,  is  a  native  of  Europe, 
escaped  from  cultivation  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 
The  young  shoots  make  the  delicious  vegetable,  which 
we  all  know.  The  small,  thread-like  leaves  of  the  plant 
do  not  look  like  the  lily  tribe,  but  the  bell-like,  drooping, 
greenish  flowers,  with  their  six  small  segments,  point  the 
way.  The  fruit  is  a  scarlet  berry.  The  plant  blooms 
in  early  summer  and  again  in  autumn. 

PLATE    IX,    A 

False  Solomon's  Seal,  Wild  Spikenard,  Vagnera 
racemosa  {Smilacina  raccmosa).  Root. — A  thick,  scarred 
rootstock.  Stem. — Curved,  simple,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves. 
— Oval,  sessile,  alternate,  finely  woolly.  Flowers  (a). — 
In  a  densely  flowered,  terminal  panicle,  small,  creamy- 
white.  Perianth. — Of  six  oblong  segments.  Stamens 
(6).— Six.  Pistil  (<-).— White.  Fruit.— A  red  berry 
speckled  with  purple. 

These  feathery  tassels  of  creamy  flowers  grow  pro- 
fusely, from  May  to  July  in  rich  woods  or  thickets,  across 
the  continent. 

V.  amplexicaulis  is  similar,  with  clasping  leaves  and  a 
longer  style.     It  grows  westward. 

PLATE    IX,    B 

Star-Flowered  Solomon's  Seal,  V.  stellata.  Root. 
— A  stout,  fleshy  rootstock.  Stem. — Stout,  erect,  8'-2o' 
high.  Leaves. — Veiny,  sessile,  somewhat  clasping, 
oblong-lanceolate.  Flowers  (d). — In  a  few-flowered, 
terminal  raceme,  star-shaped,  larger  than  V.  racemosa, 
white.  Perianth. — Of  six  oblong  segments.  Sta- 
mens fc).— Six.  Pistil  (/).— White.  Fruit.— A  black  or 
green  Ijcrry  with  six  black  stripes. 

This  plant  is  stouter  and  less  graceful  than  its  sister, 
V.  racemosa,  but  its  star-like  flowers  are  more  attractive. 


"I.ATK  IX.     Radaced  about  ^  from  LHe  Slie 

v.  False  Solomoo's  SeaJ,  Vagnera  ractmota 
B.  SUr-flowered  Solomon's  Seal,  Vagntra  stellata 


PLATE   X 

Solomon's  seal 
Po/yi^oiialiim  hijJonim 


It  has  much  the  same  range  as  the  other,  Ijut  it  blooms 
in  moist  soil. 

Unifolium  lUiacetim  may  be  a  distinct  species.  It  is 
similar  and  has  conspicuousl}'  folded  leaves,  and  ranges 
west  from  the  Black  Hills. 

Three-Leaved  Solomon's  Seal,  Vagnera  iri^oUa,  is 
smooth,  small  and  slender,  with  2-4  leaves  and  a  few- 
flowered  raceme  of  larger  white  flowers.  It  ranges  from 
Newfoundland,  south  to  Pennsylvania  and  west  to  Michi- 
gan, in  bogs  and  wet  woods. 

These  plants  all  flower  in  May  or  June. 


Solomon's  Seal,  Polygonalum  biflorum.  Root. — A 
fleshy  rootstock,  with  round  scars  from  last  year's  growth. 
Stem. — Simple,  arched,  8'-3°  high.  Leaves. — Oval, 
alternate,  woolly  beneath.  Flowers. — Drooping,  in 
clusters  of  1-4,  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  yellowish  or 
greenish-white.  Perianth. — In  one  bell-shaped  piece, 
six-tootiied.  Stamens  [a). — Six,  growing  on  the  peri- 
anth. Pistil  (/)). — With  a  head-like  stigma.  Fruit. — 
A  dark  blue  or  black  berry. 

The  rootstock  gives  the  Solomon's  Seal  its  cjuaint 
name;  for  the  round  scars,  left  from  last  season's  growth, 
look  somewhat  like  the  imprint  of  a  seal.  This  graceful 
plant  is  found  in  woods  from  New  Brunswick  to  Florida 
and  west  to  Michigan.     It  blooms  in  spring. 

Smooth  Solomon's  Seal,  P.  commulatum  {P.  gigan- 
teum),  is  similar,  but  smooth  and  generally  much  larger, 
sometimes  reaching  8°  in  height.  The  clusters  have 
generally  more  blossoms.  It  blooms  somewhat  later  than 
the  other,  in  moist  woods,  all  over  the  country. 

Clasping-Leaved  Twisted-Stalk,  Streptopus  am- 
plexifolius,  rather  resembles  the  Solomon's  Seals.  It  has 
a  twisted  branching  stem  and  alternate,  clasping,  oval 
leaves.  The  flowers  are  bell-shaped,  with  separate  seg- 
ments, greenish- white,  and  droop  singly  or  in  pairs, 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  The  fruit  is  a  red  berry. 
It  blooms  in  moist  woods,  across  the  continent. 

Sessile-Leaved  Twisted-Stalk,  5.  roseus,  is  much 
the  same,  save  that  the  leaves  are  not  clasping  and  the 


(^^ 


en 
O 


CnJ 


PLATE   XI 

INDIAN    CUCIMBER    ROOT 

Medeola    Virginiana 


flowers  arc  pink.  This  plant  ranges  with  its  sister.  They 
both  bloom  in  early  summer. 

Hairy  Disporum,  Disporum  laniiginosum,  resembles 
the  last.  It  is  a  finely  hairy  herb,  with  1-3  terminal, 
greenish,  erect  flowers  and  an  oval,  red  berry.  It  grows 
in  the  woods,  through  Ontario  and  the  Eastern-coast 
States,  and  blooms  in  late  spring. 

Rough-Fruited  Disporum,  D.  trachycarpum,  is  simi- 
lar, with  roughish,  leathery  fruit  and  yellowish-white 
flowers.  It  blooms  from  May  to  August  across  Canada 
and  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

False  Lily-of-the- Valley,  Unijolium  Canadense 
{Maianthemum  Canadense),  is  a  smooth  little  plant  with 
1-3  oval,  alternate,  shining  leaves  and  a  terminal  raceme 
of  small,  creamy- white  flowers  with  four  segments  and  four 
stamens.  It  has  an  odor  rather  hke  the  true  Lily-of-the- 
Valley,  but  fainter.  The  berry  is  pale  red  and  speckled. 
It  blooms  in  late  spring,  from  Newfoundland  to  North 
Carolina  and  west  to  South  Dakota. 

Convallaria  majalis  is  the  true  Lily-of-the-Valley. 
It  has  the  2-4  oblong  leaves  from  near  the  root  and  the 
scape  of  bell-shaped,  six-lobed,  white,  fragrant  flowers 
with  which  we  are  so  familiar.  It  grows  wild  on  high 
mountains  in  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas  and  is  com- 
mon in  cultivation.     It  blooms  in  May  and  June. 

plate  XI 

Indian  Cucumber  Root,  Medcola  Virginiana.  Root. 
— A  short,  fleshy  rootstock.  Stem. — Simple,  i°-2j° 
high.  Leaves. — Broadly  lanceolate,  in  two  whorls;  the 
lower  at  the  middle  of  the  stem  and  the  upper  at  the  apex 
just  beneath  the  flowers.  Flowers. — In  a  terminal,  few- 
flowered  umbel,  on  stalks  which  are  bent  for  the  flower 
and  erect  for  the  fruit.  Perianth  fa). — Of  six  green- 
ish yellow  oval  segments.  Stamens  {b). — Six,  with 
orange  anthers.  Pistil  (c). — With  three  long  recurved 
reddish-brown,  thread-like  stigmas.  Fruit. — A  dark- 
purple  berry. 

This  odd-looking  plant  grows  in  moist  woods  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  west  to  Minnesota.  It 
blooms  in  early  summer.     Its  berries  are  more  showy 


3-^^-'^"^ 


PLATE  XI.    Rednced  %  from  Ufa  Stic 

Indian  Cucumber  Root.  Med  to  I  a  Virginiana 


PLATE   XII 

UlllTi;    TKILI.U  M 

Trillium  grandiftorum 


than  ils  tlowcrs.     The  long  stigmas  of  the  latter  give  them 
an  inscct-likc  appearance. 

PI.ATK    XII 

White  Trillium,  Trilliniu  iirandijlontm.  Root. — A 
short,  scarred  rootstock.  Stem. — Simple,  stout,  8'-i8' 
high.  Leaves. — Broadly  o\ate,  three  in  a  whorl  at  the 
centre  of  the  stem.  Flower. — Solitary,  large,  erect,  white 
or  purplish-pink.  Perianth. — Of  three  green,  lanceolate 
sepals  and  three  \\hite,  oblanceolate,  erect,  spreading 
petals.  Stamens  (a). — Six,  with  anthers  longer  than  the 
fdaments.  Pistil  (b). — With  a  three-angled  ovary  and 
three  stigmatic  styles.     Fruit. — A  round,  black  berry. 

The  large,  triangular  blossoms  of  these  trilliums 
brighten  many  acres  of  woodland,  shining  like  stars 
among  the  Bellworts  and  Solomon's  Seals,  in  May  or 
June,  cast  of  the  Mississippi.  A  monstrous  form  of 
this,  with  only  two  leaves,  was  found  in  Michigan. 

Nodding  Trillium,  T.  ccrnuiim,  is  similar,  with  a 
smaller,  white,  nodding  flower.  It  blooms  over  the  same 
range  a  little  earher. 

Painted  Trillium,  T.umlidaluni  (or  T.ery/lirocarpum), 
is  slightly  larger  and  blooms  over  the  same  time  and  range 
as  the  last.  It  has  an  erect,  white  flower  streaked  with 
purple  or  red. 

Early  Trilliltm,  T.  nivale,  is  much  smaller,  with 
petioled  leaves  and  an  erect,  white  flower.  It  appears  in 
early  spring,  from  Pennsylvania  to  Minnesota  and  south 
to  Kentucky. 

Prairie  Trillium,  T.  reciirva/um,  is  a  little  larger,  hav- 
ing a  sessile,  erect  flower,  with  recurved  sepals  and 
frequently  blotched  leaves.  It  ranges  south  from  Minne- 
sota through  the  Middle  States. 

Sessile-Flowered  Trillium,  T.  sessile,  has  sessile 
leaves  and  flowers.  The  leaves  are  often  blotched,  and 
the  flowers  are  purple  or  green  and  fragrant.  It  ranges 
from  Pennsylvania  south  and  west  to  the  Mississippi. 

Wake-Robin,  Birth  Root,  T.  erecttim,  has  a  purple- 
red  or  pink  or  greenish,  unpleasantly  scented  flower  on  a 
stalk  rising  above  the  sessile  leaves.  It  ranges  east  of  the 
Mississippi. 


'•r 


^ 


.6 


I'LATE  XII.    Life  Site 

White  Trilliam,  Trillium  j^r^iridiflorum 


PLATE    XIII 

coKAi.  Hour 

Cor  all  or  li  iza  t  oral  lor  h  iza 


THE    ORCHIS    FAMILY 

THE  orchids  are  more  nearly  related   to   the   lilies 
than  to  any  other  family.     In  fact,  their  roots, 
stems,  and  leaves   might  often   be   mistaken  for 
that  tribe.     The  leaves  are  always  parallel-veined,  never 
compound,  frequently  grass-like,  and  are  sometimes  re- 
duced to  scales. 

The  form  of  the  flower  is  the  distinctive  feature  of  the 
orchid.  The  calyx  and  corolla  are  very  irregular  and  it  is 
often  difKicult  to  distinguish  them.  They  are  divided  into 
six  segments,  three  sepals,  and  three  petals.  One  of  the 
petals  is  called  the  Lip  and  is  generally  more  showy  than 
the  others.  Sometimes  this  lip  is  cut  or  fringed,  some- 
times it  is  furnished  with  a  spur,  and  often  it  is  most 
grotesque  in  form  or  color.  The  most  characteristic  thing 
about  the  flower,  however,  is  the  Column.  This  is  the 
ovary,  surmounted  by  the  style,  bearing  the  stigma  and 
the  one  or  two  anthers  (or  pollen  sacs  of  the  stamen) 
balanced  each  side  of  the  stigma,  or  just  above  or  below  it. 
The  pollen  of  the  orchid  grows  in  sticky  masses.  When 
disturbed  by  an  insect,  it  is  removed  in  one  piece  and 
deposited  on  the  stigma  of  a  neighboring  blossom.  The 
ovary  is  long  and  generally  twisted  and  the  seeds  are 
very  numerous  and  dust-like.  The  orchid  is  especially 
adapted  to  cross-fertilization. 

PLATE    XIII 

Coral  Root,  Corallorhiza  corallorhiza.  Root. — 
Fleshy,  coral-like.  Stem. — 4'-i  2',  simple.  Leaves. — Re- 
duced to  2-5  scales.  Flowers. — Greenish  or  dull  purple, 
small,  in  racemes  i'-3'  long,  3-12  flowered.  Perianth. — 
Of  live  narrow  sepals  and  petals  and  a  short,  whitish  lip 
with  a  short  spur.  Column  {A). — Incurved,  winged 
above.     The  anthers  fa)  above  the  stigma  (6).    Ovary  (f). 

This  insignificant  little  herb  ranges  over  most  of  the 
United  States.     It  blooms  from  May  to  June. 

Wister's  Coral  Root,  C.  Wisteriana,  Many- 
Flowered  Coral  Root,  C.  muUiflora,  and  Striped 
Coral  Root,  C.  striata,  are  much  the  same,  but  larger, 
with  slightly  more  showy  lips. 

13 


t 


^A 


f 


PLATE  XIII.     Life  Sue 

Coral-root.  Corallorhtta  corallorhisa 


PLATE    XIV 

A 
I.ADIKS'    TRESSES 

Gyros/arliys  ccrniia  (Spirant lies  ccniua) 
B 

GRASS- LEAVED  LADIES'    TRESSES 

Gyroslachys  praecox 


Small-Flowered  Coral  Root,  C.  odontorliiza,  is 
much  smaller. 

Crested  Coral  Root,  Hexalcclris  aphyllus,  is  a  large 
Southern,  purple-brown  genus  much  like  these  last. 

Large  Twayblade,  Lcptorchis  liliijoUa,  an  early  sum- 
mer orchid,  has  showy,  purplish -green  flowers,  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme,  with  two  large,  bright  leaves  from  the  root. 
It  flourishes  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

Loesel's  Twaybl.ade,  L.  Locsclii,  is  a  smaller,  more 
Northern  species. 

Broad-Lipped  Twayblade,  Listcra  conva/larioidcs, 
Heart-Leaved  Twayblade,  L.  cordaia,  and  Southern 
Twayblade,  L.  australis,  have  small  flowers  with  lips, 
long  in  proportion,  and  bear  their  two  leaves  opposite  at 
the  centre  of  their  stems.  They  grow  in  woods  and  bogs 
from  the  Northern  States  southward. 

plate   XIV,    a 

Ladies'  Tresses,  Gyrostachys  ccrnua  (S piranihes  cer- 
nua).  Root. — Fleshy,  forked.  Stem. — b'-2^'  high, 
simple.  Leaves. — Grass-like,  turning  above  to  pointecl 
bracts.  Flowers. — White  or  yellowish,  fragrant;  de- 
flexed  in  a  twisted,  terminal,  bracted  spike.  Perianth. — 
Of  four  divisions.  The  upper  sepal  connected  with  the 
two  arching  petals.  The  lip  crinkled.  Column  (r). — 
Arched,  bearing  the  anthers  (a)  at  the  back.  The  stigma 
(5)  has  a  beak  which  covers  the  anther.     Ovary  (0). 

A  dainty  little  plant  blooming  in  meadows  and  swamps, 
from  August  to  October,  east  of  the  Mississippi.  It  has  a 
lily-of-the-valley  like  fragrance.  Its  plaited  appearance 
gives  it  its  common  name. 

plate    XIV,    B 

Grass-Leaved  Ladies'  Tresses,  G.  praecox.  Root, 
Stem,  Leaves. — Much  as  above,  but  smaller  and  more 
slender.  Flowers. — Like  G.  cernua,  but  smaller  and  in 
a  more  spiral  spike.     Perianth  and  Column. — As  above. 

This  plant  grows,  in  late  summer,  from  New  York 
southward. 

Hooded  Ladies'  Tresses,  G.  roDianzoffiaiia,  Wide- 
Leaved  Ladies'  Tresses,  G./'/aH/a^i^'/Hca, and  Fragrant 

14 


I2~~J~  'C5 


HLATE  XIV      Reduced  about  «  from  Life  Siw 

A.  Ladies'  Tresses.  Gyrostackys  ctrnua 

B.  Grais-leaved  Ladies'  Tresses.  Gyrostackys  praecox 


PLATE    XV 

ARKTHISA 

.1  relli  u.sa  bulhosa 


Ladies'  Tresses,  G.  odorata,  are  described  by  their 
names. 

Little  Ladies'  Tresses,  G.  simplex,  and  Slender 
Ladies'  Tresses,  G.  gracilis,  are  smaller  and  have  2-3 
early  fading  root-leaves  and  later  only  bracts. 

Ca-lypso,  Calypso  bulbosa.  Root. — A  bulb.  Stem. — 
Simple,  3'-6'  high.  Leaves. — One,  roundish  with  a 
heart-shaped  base.  Flower. — Solitary,  terminal,  showy, 
variegated  purple,  pink  and  yellow.  Perianth. — Of 
linear,  erect  or  spreading  sepals  and  petals,  the  lip  sac- 
shaped,  drooping,  with  a  patch  of  yellow  wool.  Column. 
— Petal-hke  above,  with  a  lid-like  anther  above  the 
stigma. 

A  fascinating  little  nymph  who  appears  in  early  sum- 
mer, in  bogs,  from  Labrador  to  Vermont  and  west  to 
California  and  Arizona.  At  first  sight  it  resembles  a 
small  lady's-slipper. 


Arethusa,  Arethusa  bulbosa.  Root. — A  bulb.  Stem. 
— Simple,  5'-io'  high,  rather  stout,  set  with  bracts. 
Leaves. — Solitary,  linear,  appearing  after  the  flower. 
Flower. — Solitary,  terminal,  large,  showy,  rose-purple. 
Perianth. — Of  oval  sepals  and  petals,  erect  or  arched 
over  the  column.  The  lip  is  notched,  fringed,  streaked, 
and  crested  with  yellow  or  white,  hairy  ridges.  Column 
(C). — Petal-like,  winged  and  curved  above  with  the 
anther  (a)  and  stigma  (.?),  which  are  borne  on  its  lower 
face.     Ovary  (0). 

This  dainty  orchid,  surprised  in  its  native  bogs,  in 
May  or  June,  reminds  one  of  a  startled  fawn,  by  its 
two  erect,  ear-like  sepals.  It  ranges  from  Newfound- 
land to  South  Carolina  and  west  to  Indiana;  but  ow- 
ing to  its  inveterate  enemy,  the  tlower-pickcr,  it  has 
become  rather  rare. 

Helleborine,  Epipactis  viridiflora,  is  a  stout  herb, 
i°-2°  high,  with  ovate,  clasping  leaves  and  a  bracted 
raceme  of  greenish-purple  or  yellow  flowers.  It  has  an 
undulating  lip  and  pointed  sepals  and  petals.  It  blooms 
near  Toronto  and  in  western  New  York  in  July  and  Au- 
gust. 

15 


PLATE  XV      Life  Site 
Aretbu^a,  Arelkusa  bulbosa 


PLATE    XVI 

CRASS   PIXK 

Liinoiloruiu  tuberosum  (Calopogoii  pulchclliis) 


Crane-Fly  Orchis,  Tipiilaria  uiiijo/ia,  is  a  rather 
rare  little  summer  orchid,  with  purplish-green,  long- 
spurred,  raccmed  blossoms.  It  Ijiears  one  leaf  after  the 
flowers. 

Putty-Root,  Adam  and  Eve,  A  plectrum  spicatiim,  is 
a  Western  spring  orchid,  with  rather  large,  yellowish- 
brown  and  purple  flowers  and  an  autumnal  leaf. 

PLATE    XVI 

Grass-Pink,  Calopogon,  Limodorum  tuberosum  (Calo- 
pogon  pulchellus) .  Root. — A  round,  solid  bulb.  Stem. 
— Slender,  simple,  i°-i3°  high.  Leaf. — (3ne,  grass- 
like. Flowers. — Showy,  in  a  few-flowered,  terminal 
raceme,  rose-purple.  Perianth. — Of  ovate  sepals  and 
petals,  and  an  erect,  pale-pink  lip,  with  a  tuft  of  yellow 
wool.  Column  (.4). — Petal-like  above,  winged,  spread- 
ing horizontally.  The  anther  {a)  is  attached  to  the  back 
of  the  column.     The  stigma  {s)  is  beneath.     Ovary  (o). 

This  dainty  plant  waves  its  blossoms  among  the  tall 
grasses  of  the  wet  marshes,  in  June  and  July,  from  New- 
foundland to  Florida  and  west  to  Minnesota.  This 
orchid's  peculiarity  is  an  ovary  which  is  not  twisted,  so 
consequently,  the  lip  is  on  the  upper  instead  of  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  flower. 

Rattlesnake  Plantain,  Peramium  repens  (Goodyera 
repens),  is  a  small  orchid,  with  a  rosette  of  ovate,  green 
and  white  blotched  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  and  a 
one-sided  spike  of  small,  greenish-white  flowers,  with  a 
sac-shaped  lip. 

Downy  Rattlesnake  Plantain,  P.  pubesccns,  is 
woolly,  with  a  thicker  spike  (not  one-sided). 

These  two  range  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  west  to 
Minnesota. 

Menzies'  Rattlesnake  Plantain,  P.  Menzicsii,  is 
sometimes  without  the  white  mottling.  It  has  a  swelling, 
pointed  lip  (not  sac-shaped),  and  the  spike  is  somewhat 
one-sided.     It  grows  in  Canada  and  on  the  Western  coast. 

These  all  bloom  in  July  and  August  and  are  insignifi- 
cant except  for  their  showy  leaves. 

Showy  Orchis,  Orchis  speclabilis.  Root. — Fibrous. 
Stem. — Stout,  iive-angled,  4'-:  2'  high.  Leaves. — Large, 
16 


f 


Pt.ATR  XVI      Kedocwl  abont  H  from  Lift  Slir 
Grass-piok,  Limetiorum  tuberoium 


PLATE   XVII 

Ki)Si;    I'OC.OMA 

Poj^onia  opli  io  gloss  o  ides 


two  from  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  obovate,  clammy. 
Flowers. — Showy,  in  a  3-6  flowered,  terminal  raceme, 
violet-purple,  pink  and  white.  Perianth. — Sepals  joined 
in  an  arch,  petals  beneath,  lip  whitish  and  spurred. 
Column. — Violet  at  the  back,  with  the  stigma  between 
the  two  anthers. 

This  is  the  earliest  of  the  orchids.  It  grows  in  rich 
woods  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  continent. 

Small  Round-Leaved  Orchis,  O.  rohmdijolia,  is 
more  slender,  with  smaller  rose-colored  and  white  flowers 
and  one  oval  leaf.  It  blooms  in  early  summer,  in  the 
damp  woods  of  Canada  and  the  Northern  States. 

White  Adder's  Mouth,  Achroanthes  monophylla,  and 
Green  Adder's  Mouth,  A.  uni folia,  are  two  small 
orchids  with  insignificant  flowers  and  one  roundish  leaf. 
They  bloom  in  woods  in  July.  Usually  the  first  in  the 
North,  the  second  in  the  South  also. 

PLATE    XVII 

Rose  Pogonia,  Snake-Mouth,  Pogonia  ophioglos- 
soides.  Root. — Branching.  Stem. — Simple,  8'-i  5' high 
Leaves. — 1-2,  pale,  lanceolate,  erect.  Flowers. — Large, 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  terminal,  nodding,  having  a  leaf-like 
bract  beneath,  pale  rose-pink.  Perianth. — With  oval, 
equal  sepals  and  petals.  The  lip  fringed,  crested,  and 
streaked  with  yellow  and  purple.  Column  (.4  and  B). — 
Club-shaped,  with  a  lid-like  anther  (a)  capping  the 
stigma  (s).     Ovary  (0). 

A  dainty,  fragrant  flower  growing  in  swamps  and 
meadows  with  the  wild  Cranberry  and  the  Calopogon. 
It  blooms  in  June  or  July. 

Spreading  Pogonia,  P.  divaricala,  is  somewhat  the 
same,  but  larger;  the  sepals  are  linear  and  dark-colored 
and  longer  than  the  flesh-colored,  lanceolate  petals.  We 
find  it  in  swamps  in  July. 

Nodding  Pogonia,  P.  trianthophora,  is  smaller,  with 
little,  ovate,  alternate  leaves  and  pale-purple,  drooping, 
axillary  flowers.     It  appears  in  late  summer. 

Whorled  Pogonia,  P.  verticillata,  bears  its  leaves  in 
a  whorl,  above  which  is  the  drooping  flower,  with  its 

17 


f-A 
"f   B 


( 1  - 1 -ot 


PLATK  XVII.     Reduced  abont  '\  from  Life  Riir 
Rose  Pogonia.  Pogonia  ophUglottoides 


PLATE    XVIII 

A 
LONC.-BRACTKI)    ORCHIS 

l/ahiiiiirid  braclvata 

B 
TALI,    LEAFY    GREEN    ORCHIS 

Ilahenaria  hyperborea 
c 

INTERMEHIATE    BOG    ORCHIS 

llabt'iiaria  mctliii 


long,  dark-purple  sepals  and  oval,  greenish-yellow  petals. 
This  appears  in  May  or  June. 

These  four  varieties  range  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

Smaller  Whorled  Pogonia,  P.  affinis,  is  similar,  but 
smaller,  frequently  with  two  greenish-yellow  flowers,  with 
equal  sepals  and  petals.  It  is  a  rare  local  plant,  bloom- 
ing in  June  in  Connecticut,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey. 

PLATE    XVIII,    A 

Long-Bracted  Orchis,  Hahcnaria  hracteata.  Root. 
— Fibrous.  Stem. — Simple,  6'-2°  high.  Leaves. — 
Lanceolate  or  oval,  alternate,  turning  to  long  bracts  be- 
neath each  flower.  Flowers  (a). — Small,  greenish,  in  a 
loose-flowered,  terminal  raceme.  Perianth. — With  oval 
spreading  sepals  and  narrow  petals.  A  much  longer  lip, 
with  a  small  spur.  Column  (/)). — With  two  anthers  {s) 
above  the  stigma  {p). 

None  of  the  green  orchids  are  showy.  This  is  one  of 
the  least  insignificant.  It  grows  in  woods  and  meadows 
from  New  Brunswick  to  the  Rockies  and  south  to  North 
Carolina.     We  find  it  all  summer. 

plate  xviri,  B 

Tall  Leafy  Green  Orchis,  H.  hypcrhorca.  Root. — 
Fibrous.  Stem. — Simple,  8'-^°  high.  Leaves. — Lan- 
ceolate, alternate.  Flowers  (</). — Small,  in  a  terminal 
raceme,  yellowish-green  Perianth. — With  ovate  sepals 
and  petals,  and  a  lanceolate  lip,  with  a  spur  of  the  same 
length.     Column. — Anthers  above  the  stigma. 

This  little  orchid  grows  across  the  continent,  north  from 
New  Jersey,  Colorado  and  Oregon,  from  May  to  August. 
I  found  it  in  the  Yellowstone  Park. 

PLATE   xviii,    c 

Intermediate  Bog  Orchis,  H.  media.  Root. — 
Fleshy.  Stem. — Simple.  Leaves. — Lanceolate,  acute. 
Flowers  (c). — Small,  in  a  densely  flowered  terminal 
raceme,  greenish  or  purplish.  Perianth. — Like  the  last, 
only  the  spur  is  much  longer  than  the  lip.  Column. — 
As  above. 

This  orchid  resembles  H.  hyperborea.  It  ranges  from 
i8 


f'^ 


f 


HLATE  XVIII      Reduced  «bout  H  from  Life  Siie 

A.  Long-bracted  Orchis.  Habenaria  bracttata 

B.  Tall  Leafy  Green  Orchis,  Habenaria  kyperborta 

C.  Intermediate  Bog  Orchis.  Habenaria  media 


PLATE    XIX 

A 
C.RKKN    WOOD    ORCHIS 

Ifiihiiuiriii  iliivcllala   (Habcniiria  Iridnitata) 

B 
RAGGED-FRINCKD    ORCHIS 

Ilahcnaria  laccra 


June  to  August  from  Quebec  to  New  York  (according  to 
Miss  Nilcs).  I  found  it  in  the  Yosemite  Valley,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Tall  White  Bog  Orchis,  H.  dilatata,  is  much  like 
these,  save  that  the  flowers  are  white.  It  grows  all 
summer  in  the  northern  half  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada. 

Tliree  more  Northern  summer  orchids  are:  First, 
Round-Leaved  Orchis,  H.  orhiculata,  with  its  greenish- 
white,  recurved  sepals.  Second,  Hooker's  Orchis,  H. 
Hookeriana,  with  its  lanceolate,  greenish-yellow,  drooping 
sepals.  Both  have  long  raccmed  scapes,  springing  from 
two  round,  flat  leaves.  Third,  Small  Bog  Orchis,  H. 
ohtusata,  with  yellowish-green  flowers  and  a  single  leaf. 

Two  small  Southern  summer  orchids  are:  Southern 
White  Orchis,  H.  nivea,  with  long-spurred  flowers  and 
glass-like  leaves;  and  Southern  Yellow  Orchis,  H. 
Integra,  with  dense  spikes  of  orange-yellow  flowers  and 
lanceolate  leaves. 

plate    XIX,    A 

Green  Wood  Orchis,  H.  clavellala  {H.  tridentata). 
Stem. — Angled,  8'-i8'  high.  Leaves. — One,  large, 
oblanceolate,  several  bracts  above.  Flowers. — Small,  in 
short,  loose  racemes,  greenish.  Perianth. — Of  ovate 
sepals  and  petals,  with  a  three-toothed  lip  and  a  very 
long,  incurved,  club-shaped  spur.  Column. — Anthers 
(a)  above  the  stigma  (.v),  which  has  three  club-like  ap- 
pendages. 

This  very  insignificant  flower  is  perhaps  the  most 
common  of  the  genus.  It  blooms  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi in  July  and  August. 

Another  much  like  this,  with  a  shorter  spur  and  more 
leafy  stem,  is  Tubercled  Orchis,  H.  flava  (H. 
virescens). 

The  names  of  many  of  these  orchids  have  been  changed 
so  often,  and  they  seem  so  much  alike,  that  it  is  rather 
difficult  to  identify  them.  The  insignificance  of  these 
flowers  causes  the  layman  to  exclaim,  when  told  that 
they  are  orchids;  as  the  general  idea,  of  this  family, 
seems  to  be  a  gorgeous  air-plant. 


\ 


9-/ -03 


PLATE  XIX.     Rsduccd  'i  Irom  Life  Sim 

A.  Green  Wood  Orchis,  Habenaria  clavellatta 
K.  Ragged  Fringed  Orchis,  Habenaria  laetra 


PLATE    XX 

A 
WIMTK-FRIXCF.I)    ORCHIS 

llahciiaria  hhpliurit^/o/iis 

n 

vi:i.i.o\v-rRi.\Gi:i)  orchis 

Iliibenaria  ciliaris 


PLATE    XIX,    B 

Ragged  Fringed  Orchis,  H.  lacera.  Stem. — Si  mplc, 
i°-2°  high.  Leaves. — Lanceolate,  alternate,  becoming 
smaller  above.  Flowers. — Small,  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
greenish-yellow.  Perianth. — The  sepals  ovate,  the  upper 
one  being  round.  The  petals  linear.  The  lip  showy, 
three-parted,  deeply  fringed,  with  a  short  spur.  Col- 
umn.— The  anthers  (a)  divided  by  the  stigma  (c). 
Ovary  (b). 

This  is  the  prettiest  of  the  green  orchids,  the  deeply 
fringed  lips  giving  the  raceme  a  peculiarly  feathery  effect. 
It  blooms  east  of  the  Mississippi  in  June  and  July. 

PLATE    XX,    A 

White  Fringed  Orchis,  H.  blephari glottis.  Root. — 
Small,  fibrous.  Stem. — i°-2h°  high.  Leaves. — Lanceo- 
late, the  upper  ones  smaller.  Flowers. — Pure  white, 
showy,  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Perianth. — Sepals  round. 
Petals  smaller,  toothed.  Lip  lanceolate,  fringed,  with  a 
very  long  spur.  Column  (C). — The  stigma  (5)  dividing 
the  anthers  {a).     Ovary  (0). 

The  loveliness  of  this  flower  almost  takes  away  one's 
breath.  It  frequents  midsummer  marshes,  ranging  from 
Newfoundland  south  to  North  Carolina  and  west  to 
Minnesota. 

Cream  Fringed  Orchis,  H.  holopetala,  is  much  the 
same,  but  pale  yellow,  with  a  less  fringed  lip  and  entire 
petals.  It  is  probably  a  hybrid  of  the  foregoing  and  fol- 
lowing varieties. 

plate   XX,   B 

Yellow  Fringed  Orchis,  H.  ciliaris.  Root,  Stem, 
Leaves. — The  same  as  in  H.  blephariglottis.  Flowers. 
A  little  larger  than  the  White-Fringed  Orchis,  with  a 
more  deeply  fringed  lip  and  of  a  bright  orange-yellow. 
Very  showy.     Perianth  and  Column  (C). — As  above. 

This  gorgeous  flower  grows  in  swamps  with  the  White- 
Fringed  Orchis.  Its  flaming  torches  doubtless  attract 
the  necessary  insects,  but  unfortunately,  they  also  guide 
the  ruthless  flower-picker,  to  the  inevitable  doom  of  the 
variety. 


'ifc 


1 


IM.ATE  XX.     Rednced  ir,  from  I.ife  Sii« 

A.  White  Fringed  Orchis.  Habenarta  blephariglottus 

B.  Yellow  Fringed  Orchis.  Habtnarta  ciliarh 


PLATE    XXI 

LARGE    IHRPLK-IKINGKI)    ORCHIS 

ilabenaria  grandiflora 


Crested  Yellow  Orchis,  H.  cristata,  is  much  the 
same,  but  smaller,  with  deep-orange  flowers. 

Prairie  White  Fringed  Orchis,  H.  leucophaca,  is  a 
larger  variety,  with  fragrant,  white  flowers  sometimes 
tinged  with  green.  The  lip  is  divided  in  three  parts  and 
is  much  fringed.  It  blooms  on  moist  prairies  in  July 
from  western  New  York  to  the  Mississippi.  It  is  very 
showy  and  beautiful. 

The  flowers  of  this  group  remind  one  of  tiny  dancers 
poised  for  the  ballet,  or  a  swarm  of  fairies  ready  for  flight. 

PLATE    XXI 

Large  Purple  Fringed  Orchis,  H.  granJifiora. 
Root. — Fleshy,  fibrous.  Stem. — Stout,  i°-5°  high. 
Leaves. — Oval  or  lanceolate.  Flowers. — In  a  long, 
terminal,  thickly  flowered  raceme,  \ery  showy,  white, 
pale  pink,  or  deep  rose-purple.  Perianth. — Upper  sepals 
and  petals  connected,  erect.  Petals  more  or  less  toothed. 
Lip  divided  in  three  fan-shaped  parts,  deeply  fringed. 
Column  .4). — Anthers  (a)  divided  by  the  stigma  (b). 

The  largest  and  most  beautiful  of  all  this  genus  is  the 
Purple-Fringed  Orchis.  It  grows  in  rich  woods  and 
meadows  through  Canada  west  to  Michigan  and  south 
to  North  Carolina.  When  we  surprise  a  group  shining 
through  our  dark,  Northern  woods  in  July  or  August, 
their  feathery  loveliness  is  like  a  touch  of  the  tropics. 
If  we  could  be  content  to  admire  them  there  and  leave 
them  untouched,  we  might  have  them  with  us  for  many 
generations  to  come. 

Smaller  Purple  Fringed  Orchis,  H.  psycodes,  is 
much  the  same,  with  shorter  fringe.  It  blooms  with  the 
larger  variety,  but  slightly  later. 

Fringeless  Purple  Orchis,  H.  pcramoena,  is  another 
near  relative,  with  a  toothed  instead  of  a  fringed  hp. 
It  ranges  in  summer,  from  New  York  south  to  Virginia 
and  west  to  Illinois. 

Andrew's  Rose- Purple  Orchis,  H.  Andrewseii,  has 
sepals  and  petals  much  like  the  White-Fringed,  and  a  lip 
like  the  Purple-Fringed  Orchis,  parted  and  more  deeply 
cut.  It  appears  in  summer,  in  Massachusetts  and  Ver- 
mont.    This  is  probably  a  hybrid  of  H.  lacera  and  H. 


2-^-7- '03- 


J'LATE  XXI      Reduced  V,  from  Utc  Site 

Large  Purple  Kringed  Orchis.  Habenaria  grandi/lora 


PLATE    XXII 
MOCCASIN  ilowi:r 
Cypripcdinm  acaiilc 


psycodes.     It  is  rare  and  local,  but  numerous  in  certain 
haunts. 

The  most  showy  and  beautiful  group  of  the  orchids 
which  grow  in  this  country,  however,  are  the  Cypripe- 
diums,  with  their  sac-shaped  lips.  The  most  common 
of  these  is : 

plate  xxii 

The  Moccasin  Flower,  Pixk  Lady's  Slipper, 
Cypripedium  acaulc.  Root. — Tufted,  fibrous.  Stem. 
— A  simple  scape  6'-i2'  high.  Leaves. — Two,  from  the 
root,  somewhat  hairy,  elliptic,  large.  Flower. — Large, 
solitary,  nodding  from  the  top  of  the  scape,  rose-pink  and 
brown.  Perianth. — Sepals  lanceolate,  purple-brown  and 
greenish,  the  two  lower  united.  The  petals  narrow  and 
longer.  The  lip  very  large,  pendulous,  shoe  or  sac- 
shaped,  deep  rose-pink,  veined.  Column  (.4). — With  an 
anther  (ft)  on  each  side  of  the  large  stigma  (c).  A  large 
petal-like,  sterile  stamen  spreads  over  them.     Ovary  {d). 

The  nodding  Moccasin  hangs  its  heavy  head  above 
the  fragrant  pine  needles  in  sandy  or  rocky  woods.  In 
its  native  haunts  it  is  irresistibly  lovely,  for  each  plant 
is  perfect  in  itself.  When  it  is  gathered  and  bunched  it 
loses  half  its  charm,  although  it  is  too  beautiful  to  be 
altogether  spoiled.  Sometimes  the  lip  is  white,  the  sepals 
and  petals  yellow,  and  the  leaves  a  lighter  green.  This 
is  an  albino  form,  but  it  appears  so  frecjuently  that  it 
nearly  amounts  to  a  separate  variety. 

Ram's  Head  Lady's  Slipper,  C.  arielinum.  Root. 
— Tufted,  fibrous.  Stem. — Simple,  8'-i  2' high.  Leaves. 
— 3-4,  elliptic.  Flowers. — Solitary,  nodding,  smaller 
than  others  of  this  genus.  Perianth. — Sepals  longer 
than  the  lip,  lanceolate,  greenish-brown.  Petals  linear. 
Lip  cone-shaped,  red  and  white,  veiny,  prolonged  at  the 
apex  into  a  distorted  spur  somewhat  resembling  a  ram's 
head.    Column. — Much  as  C.  acaule. 

This  is  the  rarest,  one  of  the  smallest,  and  surely  the 
oddest  of  the  genus,  but  will,  I  fear,  soon  be  extinct. 
When  we  find  it  the  day  is  marked  with  a  red  letter.  It 
ranges  from  May  to  .\ugust,  through  the  cold,  damp 
woods  of  Canada  and  the  Northern  States. 


PLATE  XXII      Reduced  4  from  Life  Si»e 
Moccassin  Flower.  Cypripidium  acaule 


PLATE    XXIII 

vi:r.i.()\v  i..\i>v's  slipper 
Cypripaiiiim  liirsiilinii  (Cypri prdiiim  piihrsccns) 


PLATE    XXIII 

Large  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper,  C.  hirsulum  (C. 
pubescens).  Root. — Same  as  previous  varieties.  Stem. 
— Leafy,  i°-2°  high.  Leaves. — Oval,  slightly  hirsute. 
Flower. — Large,  solitary,  terminal,  and  nodding.  Peri- 
anth.— With  oval  sepals,  the  two  lower  joined.  Petals 
linear  and  twisted,  all  yellowish-green  or  brownish- 
purple.  Lip  much  inflated,  chrome  yellow.  Column 
(A). — Much  as  other  varieties.  The  sterile  stamen  (c) 
yellow  with  red  dots.     Anthers  (a).    Stigma  (b). 

The  bright  flower  of  the  Yellow  Moccasin  appears  in 
boglands  or  damp  woods,  from  Nova  Scotia  west  to 
Minnesota  and  south  to  Alabama,  in  May  to  July.  It 
is  not  cjuite  so  large  as  C.  acaule,  but  larger  than  the  Ram's 
Head  Slipper.  It  is  not  common — I  have  found  it  only 
once ;  but  my  quest  was  well  rewarded  then,  for  the  deli- 
cate, balloon-like  sac  is  very  lovely. 

Small  Yellow  L.\dy's  Slipper,  C.  parviflorum.  Root, 
Stem,  Leaves. — Much  as  above.  Flower. — Smaller, 
fragrant.  Perianth. — With  bright  yellow,  hairy-lined 
lip,  marked  with  purple  or  crimson.  Column. — As 
above. 

This  variety  often  intergrades  with  C.  hirsutum.  It 
may  be  a  simple  form  of  the  latter.  It  grows  in  bogs, 
damp  woods,  and  on  hillsides  in  the  mountains,  from 
Newfoundland  to  Georgia  and  occasionally  out  to  the 
Pacific,  from  May  to  July. 

Prairie  Moccasin  Flower,  Small  White  Lady's 
Slipper,  C.  candidum.  Stem. — 6'-i2'  high.  Leaves. 
—  3-4,  elliptic  or  lanceolate.  Flowers.— Fragrant, 
generally  solitary,  terminal,  white  and  brown.  Perianth. 
— Much  like  C.  hirsutum,  with  a  white  lip  lined  with 
purple  stripes.     Column. — As  above. 

The  White  Lady's  Slipper  is  much  like  the  yellow. 
It  ranges  in  May  to  July,  from  New  York  to  the  Rockies. 
John  Muir  found  it,  or  a  variety  much  like  it,  in  the  Yo- 
semite  Valley.  This,  together  with  the  Small  Yellow 
Lady's  Slipper,  is  the  only  fragrant  cypripcdium  we 
have. 

Although  the  Pacific  coast  is  rich  in  beautiful  flowers, 
this  white  moccasin  is  the  only  cypripedium  it  can  boast. 

23 


^7 


PLATE  XXIII.    Life  Slie 

Yellow  Lady's  Slipper.  Cypripediuin  hinutum 


PLATE   XXIV 

SHOWY    lady's    SLII'PKR 

Cyprifrdium  rci^huic  (Cypri prdiuni  spniahilc) 


PLATE    XXIV 

Showy  Lady's  Slipper,  C.  reginac  (C.  spectabile). 
Root. — As  above.  Stem. — Stout,  leafy,  i°-2°  high. 
Leaves. — ElHptic,  deeply  veined.  Flowers. — 1-4,  large, 
showy,  terminal,  white  and  pink.  Perianth. — With 
roundish,  white  sepals,  the  two  lower  joined  and  narrower. 
Petals  white.  Lip  large,  veiny,  white  or  deeply  stained 
with  rose  or  wine-color  above.  Column  (r). — Much  as 
in  C.  hirsutum.     Anthers  (a).     Stigma  (s).     Ovary  (0). 

This  plant  ranges  from  Nova  Scotia  south  to  Georgia 
and  west  to  Minnesota  from  June  to  September.  It  is 
by  far  the  most  beautiful  of  our  native  orchids;  perhaps, 
if  one  could  fill  that  place,  the  most  beautiful  of  all  our 
wild  flowers.  I  have  only  had  the  good  fortune  to  see  it 
once  or  twice,  and  never  in  its  native  haunts;  but  even  so, 
I  was  well  repaid.  The  botanists  have  done  well  to  crown 
this  beauty,  for  a  queen  she  is  indeed.  But  unfor- 
tunately a  queen  in  e.xile,  for  her  admirers  have  been  so 
busy  stripping  her  of  her  favors  that  she  is  forced  to 
hide  in  remote  swamps  and  deep  woods,  and  even  there 
she  is  in  danger  from  their  too  assiduous  devotion. 

Oh,  good  friend,  if  you  find  her,  stop  and  make 
obeisance,  but  do  not  tear  her  from  her  retreat !  If  you 
must  pluck  a  few  blossoms,  leave  many  behind  for  the 
sake  of  the  future  of  this  most  charming  American 
bcautv. 


Pl-ATE  XXIV.     Reduced  about  %  from  Life  Site 
Showy  Lady's  Slipper,  Cypripedium  reginea 


